日足P&Fの状況：（07月14日）～（07月18日）

We examined whether street layout a key urban design element is associated with walking and sedentary behaviors in the context of a non-Western country; and, whether such associations differ between an urban and a rural area. In 2011, 1076 middle-to-older aged adults living in an urban and a rural area of Japan reported their walking and sedentary (sitting) behaviors. Two objective measures of street layout (intersection density and street integration) were calculated. Participants exposed to more-connected street layouts were more likely to walk for commuting and for errands, to meet physical activity recommendations through walking for commuting, and less likely to drive. These relationships differed between the urban and the rural area. This shows that previous findings from Western countries on associations of street connectivity with travel behaviors may also be applicable to Japan.

This study aimed to determine the relation between the regression slope relating minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output ((V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope) and maximum phonation time (MPT), and the MPT required to attain a threshold value for (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope of = 34 in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients.This cross-sectional study enrolled 115 CHF patients (mean age, 54.5 years; men, 84.9%). (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope was assessed during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX). Thereafter, patients were divided into 2 groups according to exercise capacity: (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope = 34 ((V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 = 34 group, n = 81) and (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope 34 ((V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 34 group, n = 34). For MPT measurements, all patients produced a sustained vowel/a:/for as long as possible during respiratory effort from the seated position.All subjects showed significant negative correlation between (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope and MPT (r = -0.51, P 0.001). After adjustment for clinical characteristics, MPT was significantly higher in the (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 = 34 group vs (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 34 group (21.4 +/- 6.4 vs 17.4 +/- 4.3 s, F = 7.4, P = 0.007). The appropriate MPT cut-off value for identifying a (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope = 34 was 18.12 seconds.An MPT value of 18.12 seconds may be a useful target value for identifying CHF patients with a (V) over dotE/(V) over dotCO2 slope = 34 and for risk management in these patients.

Background: Inconsistent associations of neighbourhood walkability with adults' body weight have been reported. Most studies examining the relationships of walkability and adiposity are cross-sectional in design. We examined the longitudinal relationships of two walkability indices - conventional walkability and space syntax walkability, and their individual components, with weight change among adults over four years. Methods: Data were from the Physical Activity in Localities and Community study in Adelaide, Australia. In 2003-2004, 2650 adults living in 154 Census Collection Districts (CCDs) returned baseline questionnaires in 2007-2008, the follow-up survey was completed by 1098. Participants reported their weight at baseline and at follow-up. Neighbourhood walkability indices were calculated using geographic information systems and space syntax software. Linear marginal models using generalized estimating equations with robust standard errors were fitted to examine associations of the two walkability indices and their individual components with the weight at follow-up, adjusting for baseline weight, socio-demographic variables, and spatial clustering at the level of CCD. Results: The overall mean weight gain over four years was 1.5 kg. The two walkability indices were closely correlated (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). No significant associations were found between the overall neighbourhood walkability indices and weight change. Among walkability components, there was a marginally significant negative association between space syntax measure of street integration and weight change: one standard deviation increment in street integration was associated with 0.31 kg less weight gain (p = 0.09). Conclusions: Using a prospective study design and a novel space-syntax based measure of walkability, we were not able to identify relationships between neighbourhood walkability with weight gain. This is consistent with other inconclusive findings on the built environment and obesity. Research on the built environment and adults' weight gain may need to consider not just local environments but also a larger scale environment within a city or workplace environment in order to capture multiple behaviours relevant to weight gain.

目的：子どもを取り巻く物理的環境要因は、子どもの身体活動に長期的に影響を与える。本研究の目的は、日本の小学生における近隣身体活動環境尺度を開発し、学外余暇身体活動および通学中の歩行との関連を検討することである。方法：小学生の子どもを持つ1,074人の20歳から59歳の保護者を対象に、ウェブ調査による横断調査を実施した。社会人口統計学的要因（保護者の性、年齢、子どもの性、年齢、身長、体重）と全16項目から成る近隣身体活動環境尺度、学外余暇身体活動および通学時における身体活動実施時間を調査した。結果：探索的因子分析を行った結果、安全性因子5項目、魅力的な景観因子4項目、治安因子2項目、不快な景観因子2項目の計4因子13項目が抽出された。構成概念妥当性を検討するため、確認的因子分析を行った結果、適合度指標は満足な値を示した（GFI＝0.969, AGFI＝0.949, RMSEA＝0.052, AIC＝288.360）。また、各因子の内部一貫性は良好な値（r＝0.67～0.79）が、安定性の次元の信頼性は中等度の値（r＝0.55～0.68）が得られた。さらに、近隣身体活動環境の安全性が高い、魅力的な景観である、あるいは不快な景観ではないと認知している者は、学外余暇身体活動および通学中の歩行時間が有意に長かった。結論：本研究で開発した近隣身体活動環境尺度は、信頼性および妥当性が認められた。本尺度は、身体活動に関連する近隣環境認知を評価するために信頼でき、日本の小学生に適用可能である。

Background: There has been a growing interest in environmental initiatives to reduce sedentary behaviour. A few existing studies on this topic are mostly cross-sectional, focused on the general adult population, and examining neighbourhood walkability. This study examined associations of perceived environmental attributes with change in TV viewing time over seven years among older Australian adults in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study.Methods: The AusDiab study is a population-based study on diabetes and its risk factors in adults. We used the data on 1072 older adults (60+ years at baseline) collected in 2004-05 (baseline) and in 2011-12 (follow-up; 45.4% men, mean age 67.5 years). Generalized linear modelling examined associations with 7 years change in TV viewing time of nine perceived neighbourhood-environment attributes relating to local shops, alternative routes, footpaths, parks, attractiveness, natural features, bicycle/walkway tracks, local traffic, and safety.Results: On average, participants increased their TV viewing time from 127 min/day to 137 min/day over the 7 years period. Adjusted for baseline TV viewing levels, TV viewing time at follow-up was 8% lower (95%CI: 0.85, 0.99) among those who did not perceive local traffic as a deterrent compared to those who perceived traffic as a deterrent. A trend for significant interaction between working status and the presence of a parks nearby indicated that, for those who were not working, those who reported having parks nearby had a marginal association with lower TV viewing time at follow-up than those who did not (p = 0.048).Conclusions: Overall TV viewing time increased on average by 10 minutes/day over 7 years among older Australian adults. Local traffic that makes walking difficult or unpleasant may increase older adults' leisure-time sedentary behaviours such as TV viewing, possibly by deterring outdoor activities.

Evidence about the impacts of the physical activity environment on adults' weight in the context of Asian countries is scarce. Likewise, no study exists in Asia examining whether Walk Score a free online walkability tool is related to obesity. This study aimed to examine associations between multiple physical activity environment measures and Walk Score ratings with Japanese adults' body mass index (BMI). Data from 1073 adults in the Healthy Built Environment in Japan study were used. In 2011, participants reported their height and weight. Environmental attributes, including population density, intersection density, density of physical activity facilities, access to public transportation, and availability of sidewalks, were calculated using Geographic Information Systems. Walk Scores ratings were obtained from the website. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between each environmental attribute and BMI. Adjusting for covariates, all physical activity environmental attributes were negatively associated with BMI. Similarly, an increase of one standard deviation of Walk Score was associated with a 0.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) of-0.49--0.09) decrease in BMI. An activity-friendly built environment was associated with lower adults' BMI in Japan. Investing in healthy community design may positively impact weight status in non-Western contexts.

この日から5日ほど、毎日足の皮が剥け続けた。かかとから始まり、足の指から甲まで、余すところなく一皮剥けた。感動的だがひとつ気になったのが、足の皮が部屋のいたるところに落ちてしまうこと……。剥けている期間は靴下を履くことをオススメする。

目的健康日本21の中間報告書では、身体活動•運動分野の重点課題の 1 つとして「エクササイズガイド2006の普及」が挙げられている。一方、肥後•中村（2008）によれば、エクササイズガイド2006の認知者の割合は、他の健康づくり施策よりも低いものの、エクササイズガイド2006認知者の方が歩行習慣者の割合が多いことが報告されている。本研究の目的は、エクササイズガイド2006の認知度の経時変化を検討することと、エクササイズガイド2006の認知と身体活動量との関連性を縦断的に検討することであった。
方法対象は、社会調査モニター1100人（39.8±SD10.1歳）であった。2007年11月（T1）、2008年12月（T2）の計 2 回、インターネットを用いた質問調査を縦断的に実施した。エクササイズガイド2006の認知度は、「内容を知っている」、「聞いたことはあるが内容は知らない」、「聞いたことがない•今回の調査で始めて知った」の 3 段階で評価した。週当たりの身体活動量（METs•時/週）は、IPAQ–SV（Craig et al., 2003；村瀬他、2002）を用いて推定した。Mann–Whitnney 検定を用いて、期間中にエクササイズガイド2006を認知した者と、認知しなかった者の身体活動量の変化量を比較した。
結果エクササイズガイド2006の内容を知っていた者の割合は、T1 で1.4%、T2 で2.2%であり、認知度の有意な経時変化は認められなかった。調査期間中にエクササイズガイド2006を知った者の方が、両時点とも知らなかった者と比較して、身体活動量が低下傾向にあった（P=0.013）。
結論1 年間で認知度は向上しておらず、我が国においてエクササイズガイド2006の普及は進んでいないことが示唆された。エクササイズガイド2006の戦略的な普及方策の検討が求められる。ただし、先行研究とは異なり、エクササイズガイド2006を認知することが、身体活動の促進に対して肯定的な影響を与える可能性は示されなかった。普及が進み、認知度が向上した段階で検討を行うことで、両者の関係がより明確となるだろう。

PURPOSE:Although a foot care program for long-term care prevention has been launched in Japan, few studies have examined its effectiveness. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association of foot problems with fall experience and fear of falling among Japanese community-dwelling elderly people.;METHODS:The participants were 10,581 community-dwelling elderly people (75.2 +/- 5.6 years) and the study design was cross-sectional using a questionnaire. Self-reported tinea pedis, skin problems (inflammation, swelling, or discoloration), nail problems (thickening or deformities), impairment (in function or blood flow), regular foot care, and wearing of appropriate shoes were selected as parameters of foot problems and their care. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine whether these were related to fall experience (in the past 1 year) and fear of falling adjusted for age, the Tokyo Metropolitan institute of gerontology index of competence, medical conditions, and lower limb functions.;RESULTS:Forty-six percents of males and 39.0% of females reported at least one foot problem. After adjusting for covariates, tinea pedis (male: adjusted odds ratio = 1.37[95% confidence interval= 1.15-1.63], female: 1.29[1.08-1.53]), skin problems (male: 1.66[1.32-2.101, female: 1.37[1.13-1.66]), nail problems (male: 1.72[1.45-2.051, female: 1.48[1.26-1.74]), and functional impairment (male: 2.42[1.91-3.05], female: 1.66[1.36-2.04]) were significantly associated with fall experience. Also, each problem was negatively associated with fear of falling (tinea pedis[male: 1.37 [1.15-1.62], female: 1.25[1.07-1.47]], skin problems[male: 1.42[1.13-1.801, female: 1.62[1.34-2.00]], nail problems[male: 1.41[1.19-1.68], female: 1.46[1.25-1.70]], functional impairment [male: 2.05[1.61-2.60], female: 2.10[1.69-2.60]]). In addition, regular foot care (0.81[0.71-0.921) was a significant correlate of fear of falling in females.;CONCLUSIONS:These results imply that focusing on foot problems (i.e., tinea pedis, skin problems, nail problems, functional impairment) would be one of means for fall preventions. Well-designed prospective studies evaluating foot problems objectively are now needed to confirm the relationships indicated by this study.

BackgroundThere are spatial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality related to area‐level socioeconomic status (SES) disadvantage, but little is known about the spatial distribution of CVD mortality according to built environment factors. We examined joint associations of neighborhood walkability attributes and SES with CVD mortality rates through linkage of Japanese national data sets.Methods and ResultsNational data were used from the 1824 municipalities (of the 1880 potentially eligible municipalities) across Japan. The outcome was mortality from CVD for a 5‐year period (2008–2012) for each municipality. A national index of neighborhood deprivation was used as an indicator of municipality‐level SES. A national walkability index (based on population density, road density, and access to commercial areas) was calculated. Compared with higher SES municipalities, relative rates for CVD mortality were significantly higher in medium SES municipalities (relative rate, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07) and in lower SES municipalities (relative rate, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07–1.12). There were walkability‐related gradients in CVD mortality within the high and medium SES areas, in which lower walkability was associated with higher rates of mortality; however, walkability‐related CVD mortality gradients were not apparent in lower SES municipalities.ConclusionsCVD mortality rates varied not only by area‐level SES but also by walkability. Those living in areas of lower walkability were at higher risk of CVD mortality, even if the areas have a higher SES. Our findings provide a novel element of the evidence base needed to inform better allocation of services and resources for CVD prevention.

BACKGROUND: Time spent sitting is associated adversely with health outcomes in older adults. Nevertheless, it is not clear how sedentary time may be related to appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) - a key attribute of sarcopenia. This cross-sectional study examined associations of total sedentary time with ASM among community-dwelling older Japanese males and females. METHODS: Participants (n = 281, 74.3 ± 5.2 yr) wore a tri-axial accelerometer for seven days. Body mass index-adjusted ASM (kg/BMI) was derived from bioimpedance measures. Multivariate linear and quadratic regression models examined the associations of ASM with total sedentary time, stratified by sex. Restricted cubic spline models were fitted to estimate non-linear associations. Isotemporal substitution (IS) models were used to estimate the impacts of replacing 30-minute of sedentary time with light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). RESULTS: After adjustment, total sedentary time had a significant linear and negative association with ASM among females (β = -0.014; p = 0.023). For males, total sedentary time had a significant quadratic association (p = 0.020). Spline models indicated a reverse U-shaped association (p < 0.001) with total sedentary time over 9.3 h/day being associated with lower ASM. The IS models indicated that replacing 30 min/day of sedentary time with LPA would be positively and significantly associated with older females' ASM (β = 0.007, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: In older Japanese adults, higher volumes of time spent sedentary were associated with lower ASM. For males, only very high volumes of sedentary time appeared to be detrimental. These adverse relationships may in part be offset by more time spent in either LPA or MVPA.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that type I collagen plays a role in increasing bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle stiffness, leading to low and high risks of fatigue fracture and muscle injury, respectively, in athletes. As a potential mechanism, we focused on the effect of the type I collagen alpha 1 chain gene (COL1A1) variant associated with transcriptional activity on bone and skeletal muscle properties. METHODS: The association between COL1A1 rs1107946 and fatigue fracture/muscle injury was evaluated in Japanese athletes. Effects of the polymorphism on tissue properties (BMD and muscle stiffness) and type I collagen α1/α2 chain ratios in muscles were examined in Japanese nonathletes. RESULTS: The C-allele carrier frequency was greater in female athletes with fatigue fracture than in those without (odds ratio = 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-5.77) and lower in female athletes with muscle injury than in those without (odds ratio = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.24-0.91). Prospective validation analysis confirmed that in female athletes, muscle injury was less frequent in C-allele carriers than in AA genotype carriers (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.08-0.96). Among female nonathletes, the C-allele of rs1107946 was associated with lower BMD and lower muscle stiffness. Muscle biopsy revealed that C-allele carriers tended to have a larger type I collagen α1/α2 chain ratio than AA genotype carriers (2.24 vs 2.05, P = 0.056), suggesting a higher proportion of type I collagen α1 homotrimers. CONCLUSION: The COL1A1 rs1107946 polymorphism exerts antagonistic effects on fatigue fracture and muscle injury among female athletes by altering the properties of these tissues, potentially owing to increased levels of type I collagen α1 chain homotrimers.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behaviors and physical activity are likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, and sedentary lifestyles can increase subjective fatigue. The nonpharmaceutical policies imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may also have adverse effects on fatigue. OBJECTIVE: This study has two aims: to examine the changes in sedentary behaviors and physical activity of company workers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and to examine relationships between changes in these sedentary behaviors and physical activity and changes in fatigue. METHODS: Data from a nationwide prospective online survey conducted in 2019 and 2020 were used. On February 22, 2019, an email with a link to participate in the study was sent to 45,659 workers, aged 20 to 59 years, who were randomly selected from a database of approximately 1 million individuals. A total of 2466 and 1318 participants, who self-reported their occupation as company workers, answered the baseline and follow-up surveys, respectively. Surveys captured fatigue, workday and daily domain-specific sedentary behaviors and physical activity, and total sedentary behaviors and physical activity. We used multivariable linear regression models to estimate associations of changes in sedentary behaviors and physical activity with changes in fatigue. RESULTS: Increases in public transportation sitting during workdays, other leisure sitting time during workdays, and other leisure sitting time were associated with an increase in the motivation aspect of fatigue (b=0.29, 95% CI 0-0.57, P=.048; b=0.40, 95% CI 0.18-0.62, P<.001; and b=0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.45, P=.007, respectively). Increases in work-related sitting time during workdays, total sitting time during workdays, and total work-related sitting time were significantly associated with an increase in the physical activity aspect of fatigue (b=0.06, 95% CI 0-0.12, P=.03; b=0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.09, P=.02; and b=0.07, 95% CI 0-0.14, P=.04, respectively). The motivation and physical activity aspects of fatigue increased by 0.06 for each 1-hour increase in total sitting time between baseline and follow-up (b=0.06, 95% CI 0-0.11, P=.045; and b=0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.10, P=.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that sedentary and active behaviors among company workers in Japan were negatively affected during the COVID-19 outbreak. Increases in several domain-specific sedentary behaviors also contributed to unfavorable changes in workers' fatigue. Social distancing and teleworking amid a pandemic may contribute to the sedentary lifestyle of company workers. Public health interventions are needed to mitigate the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics on sedentary and physical activity behaviors and fatigue among company workers.

本研究では、身体活動・運動実施の規定要因としての行動的スキルの利用を評価するために、運動に関する行動的スキル（EBS）尺度を作成した。そして運動行動の変容ステージとの関連を検討した。EBS尺度の項目は、運動の行動的プロセスや身体活動・運動介入で用いられている行動変容技法を参考にして準備した。対象地区に居住する20歳以上の1,078名に対して質問紙調査を実施し、有効回答者647名を分析の対象とした。探索的因子分析の結果、 5項目からなる1因子構造の尺度が作成された。計量心理学的分析の結果、EBS尺度が高い信頼性と妥当性を有することが示された。次にEBS得点と運動行動の変容ステージとの関連を検討した。分散分析の結果、EBS得点と変容ステージの間には有意な関連が認められた。前熟考期に属する者は他の全てのステージに属する者と比較して得点が低く、実行期、維持期に属する者は、熟考期、準備期に属する者よりも得点が高かった。結果は、運動に関する行動的スキルの利用が個人の変容ステージに影響されることを示している。以上のことから、運動に関する行動的スキルは身体活動・運動習慣の定着を目的とした介入において有益な情報をもたらすと考えられる。

同団体は2007年に発足。使われなくなった空き家を「建築」「環境」「コミュニティ」「観光」「アート」の5つの視点から“再生”させている。