日足P&Fの状況：（07月21日）～（07月25日）

目的：身体活動・運動実施による大腸がん予防効果への認知とそれに関連する要因を検討した。方法：インターネットによる横断調査を実施し、登録モニター1,964名（平均年齢44.7歳）を分析対象とした。調査項目は、身体活動・運動実施による大腸がん予防効果の認知、大腸がんに関する知識レベルの高低、身体活動・運動実施とがんに関する情報取得、および身体活動・運動実施状況、社会人口統計学的変数であった。解析は、認知を従属変数、その他すべての変数を独立変数として、ロジスティック回帰分析を行った。結果：分析対象者の47.5％が身体活動・運動実施による大腸がん予防効果を認知していた．60歳代（調整オッズ比、95％信頼区間：0.59，0.45-0.79）、教育歴が大学・大学院の者（1.32，1.05-1.66）、身体活動・運動実施とがんに関する情報取得者（2.07，1.71-2.51）、および身体活動・運動実施状況が推奨群の者（1.43，1.12-1.84）に、認知と有意な関連がみられた。結論：身体活動・運動実施による大腸がん予防効果の認知は約半数であり、十分でないことが示された。今後は全体の認知向上を図ると同時に、年齢層や教育歴に配慮した方策を検討していくことが必要である。

INTRODUCTION: A prior study showed an association between diversity in daily activities (type, frequency, evenness) and frailty in older adults. However, the causality of this relationship is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between activity diversity and frailty through a 2-year longitudinal study conducted among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: We evaluated data from the 2018 and 2020 waves of the Otassha Study. Frailty was assessed using the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria, with pre-frail and frail participants defined as frail and the other participants categorized into the robust group. We enrolled a total of 207 participants who were not frail at baseline. Activity type, frequency, and evenness scores were calculated using an Activity Diversity Questionnaire. The association between each activity diversity score and the incidence of frailty was evaluated using logistic regression modeling (each diversity score was entered the model after Z-transformation). RESULTS: Of the 207 enrolled participants (median age, 73 years; age range, 65-91 years; 60.4% women), 64 (30.9%) had incident frailty during the follow-up period. A logistic regression analysis adjusting for sociodemographic and psychosomatic factors revealed odds ratios for activity type and evenness scores of 0.64 and 0.61, respectively (P < 0.05). These factors were significantly associated with the incidence of frailty. DISCUSSION: Activity type and evenness (except frequency) within daily activities were predictors of frailty during 2 years of follow-up. Engagement in diverse activities appears to be more effective in preventing frailty than does engagement in a few activities.

本研究では、身体活動・運動実施の規定要因としての行動的スキルの利用を評価するために、運動に関する行動的スキル（EBS）尺度を作成した。そして運動行動の変容ステージとの関連を検討した。EBS尺度の項目は、運動の行動的プロセスや身体活動・運動介入で用いられている行動変容技法を参考にして準備した。対象地区に居住する20歳以上の1,078名に対して質問紙調査を実施し、有効回答者647名を分析の対象とした。探索的因子分析の結果、 5項目からなる1因子構造の尺度が作成された。計量心理学的分析の結果、EBS尺度が高い信頼性と妥当性を有することが示された。次にEBS得点と運動行動の変容ステージとの関連を検討した。分散分析の結果、EBS得点と変容ステージの間には有意な関連が認められた。前熟考期に属する者は他の全てのステージに属する者と比較して得点が低く、実行期、維持期に属する者は、熟考期、準備期に属する者よりも得点が高かった。結果は、運動に関する行動的スキルの利用が個人の変容ステージに影響されることを示している。以上のことから、運動に関する行動的スキルは身体活動・運動習慣の定着を目的とした介入において有益な情報をもたらすと考えられる。

This study aimed to determine the relation between the regression slope relating minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO2 slope) and maximum phonation time (MPT), and the MPT required to attain a threshold value for VE/VCO2 slope of ≤34 in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. This cross-sectional study enrolled 115 CHF patients (mean age, 54.5 years men, 84.9%). VE/VCO2 slope was assessed during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX). Thereafter, patients were divided into 2 groups according to exercise capacity: VE/VCO2 slope ≤34 (VE/VCO2 ≤34 group, n = 81) and VE/VCO2 slope >34 (VE/VCO2 >34 group, n = 34). For MPT measurements, all patients produced a sustained vowel/a:/ for as long as possible during respiratory effort from the seated position. All subjects showed significant negative correlation between VE/VCO2 slope and MPT (r = -0.51, P < 0.001). After adjustment for clinical characteristics, MPT was significantly higher in the VE/VCO2 ≤34 group vs VE/VCO2 >34 group (21.4 ± 6.4 vs 17.4 ± 4.3 s, F = 7.4, P = 0.007). The appropriate MPT cut-off value for identifying a VE/VCO2 slope ≤34 was 18.12 seconds. An MPT value of 18.12 seconds may be a useful target value for identifying CHF patients with a VE/VCO2 slope ≤34 and for risk management in these patients.

OBJECTIVES: Social isolation is a particular problem among older people and social participation may reduce future isolation. However, it is unclear which types of activities and which level of participation are effective. This study examines the relationship between social participation and isolation among Japanese older people by employing a 3-year longitudinal study. METHODS: A mail survey was sent to 3,518 community-dwelling older people in an urban area in 2014 (baseline: BL). We then conducted follow-up mail survey on respondents who were non-isolated at BL in 2017 (follow-up: FL), with isolation being defined as being in contact with others less than once a week. An analysis was carried out on 1,070 subjects (398 men and 672 women). Social participation is defined by participation in group activities (community, senior club, hobbies, sports, volunteering, politics, industry, and religion). A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between the types of social participation and the number of organization types at BL, and isolation at FL. RESULTS: At FL, 75 men (18.8%) and 59 women (8.8%) were considered to be isolated. Among the men, participation in a hobby group and sports group both significantly reduced the degree of isolation. Moreover, participation in two organizations and three or more organizations significantly lowered the risk of isolation when compared to non-participants. Among women, there were no significant associations among particular types of social activities and isolation. On the other hand, participation in one organization and three or more organizations significantly reduced their isolation when compared to non-participants. There was a significant linear trend between the number of types of organizations and isolation, regardless of gender. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in social activities reduces future isolation in older people. Encouraging participation in social activities could help reduce negative health outcomes associated with social isolation later in life.

Background

Although the main targets for reducing workplace sedentary behavior have been clarified, only a few studies have examined the association between social-ecological factors and workplace sedentary behavior for effective intervention. The present study aimed to examine the social-ecological factors of workplace sedentary behavior among Japanese sedentary workers.
Methods

Participants were recruited via a cross-sectional mail survey targeting randomly sampled 6000 middle-aged people dwelling in Matsuyama-city and Koto-ku in Japan. Participants answered a questionnaire on social-ecological factors, recorded their work time in a diary, and wore a triaxial accelerometer during waking time for 7 consecutive days. Workplace sedentary behavior was measured using accelerometer and was referred to as the work time in the recorded diary. Full-time workers who had mainly sitting work and valid accelerometer data were included in the analysis. Workplace sedentary variables were sedentary breaks per sedentary hour, sedentary time, and ≥ 30 min bouts of sedentary time. The associations between each sedentary variable and social-ecological factors were explored by conducting three multiple linear regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors.
Results

A total of 227 participants (133 men, mean age 49.9 ± 6.9 years) were included in the analysis. In the overall sample, “typically seeing work colleagues take sedentary breaks” was significantly associated with more sedentary breaks (B [95% confidence interval {CI}=1.40 [0.07 to 2.73]) and shorter ≥30-min bouts of sedentary time (B [95% CI] = −7.08 [−13.75 to −0.40]). “I am motivated to take sedentary breaks” had an unfavorable association with less sedentary breaks (B [95% CI] = −1.36 [−2.61 to −0.12]) and longer sedentary time (B [95% CI] = 4.15 [0.29 to 8.00]). In male workers, “Too stressed to take sedentary breaks” was significantly associated with less sedentary breaks (B [95% CI] = −5.6 [−9.17 to −2.02]).
Conclusions

Seeing work colleagues take sedentary breaks may be important for reducing workplace sedentary behavior. Those who are more sedentary are motivated to take sedentary breaks. Male workers who feel the need to take sedentary breaks at work are more sedentary.

Purpose: Patients with exercise capacity of 5 metabolic equivalents (METs) are considered to have a high risk of death. The aim of this study was to determine age-related differences in physical activity associated with an exercise capacity of = 5 METs in chronic heart failure (CHF) outpatients. Methods: We enrolled 157 stable CHF patients (79.6% men, age 60.3 +/- 11.5 years). Patients were divided into two age-based groups (middle-aged, 65 years, n = 97) and (older-aged, = 65 years, n = 60). Peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) was assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. We further divided patients into groups according to exercise capacity: = 5 METs and 5 METs. Physical activity was assessed by measuring the average number of steps/day for 1 week with an electronic pedometer. Results: Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to select cutoff values for steps associated with an exercise capacity of = 5 METs in the middle- and older-aged patients. Cutoff values of 6045 steps in the middle-aged and 6070 steps in the older-aged patients were determined. Conclusions: Both middle-and older-aged CHF patients with exercise capacity of = 5 METs completed approximately 6000 steps/day. This could become a target amount for minimal physical activity that could contribute to increased exercise capacity in CHF patients.

Evidence about the impacts of the physical activity environment on adults' weight in the context of Asian countries is scarce. Likewise, no study exists in Asia examining whether Walk Score a free online walkability tool is related to obesity. This study aimed to examine associations between multiple physical activity environment measures and Walk Score ratings with Japanese adults' body mass index (BMI). Data from 1073 adults in the Healthy Built Environment in Japan study were used. In 2011, participants reported their height and weight. Environmental attributes, including population density, intersection density, density of physical activity facilities, access to public transportation, and availability of sidewalks, were calculated using Geographic Information Systems. Walk Scores ratings were obtained from the website. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between each environmental attribute and BMI. Adjusting for covariates, all physical activity environmental attributes were negatively associated with BMI. Similarly, an increase of one standard deviation of Walk Score was associated with a 0.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) of-0.49--0.09) decrease in BMI. An activity-friendly built environment was associated with lower adults' BMI in Japan. Investing in healthy community design may positively impact weight status in non-Western contexts.

2007年に第一弾が発売され、以降現在までに36作が発売されている、安眠促進CDのパイオニア的作品。各CDには二人の声優が起用されており、「羊が一匹、羊が二匹……」と、羊を数え続けてくれるシンプルな内容だ。主な出演声優は、石田 彰、小野大輔、田村ゆかりなど、多岐にわたるので、男性にも女性にもおすすめ。

Background: Sedentary behaviors (SB) are associated with health indicators; however, there are currently very few studies that have examined these associations, especially in conjunction with psychological factors, in children. The current study examined the independent relationship between objectively assessed SB, and indicators of obesity and psychological, well-being, among Japanese children. Methods: A total of 967 elementary-school children completed a cross-sectional survey. SB was measured with accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. Psychological well-being data (eg, anxiety and behavior problems) were collected via a self-report questionnaire. To determine the relationship of SB with degree of obesity and psychological well-being, linear regression analyses were conducted to relate the indicators of obesity and psychological well-being on SB, adjusted by gender, grade, percentage of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day, duration spent wearing the accelerometer, and degree of obesity. Results: SB was significantly related to behavioral/emotional problems (beta = .280, P = .010, R-2 = .015). There was a statistically significant relationship between SB and anxiety (beta = .206, P = .059, R-2 = .007). No significant association with degree of obesity was found. Conclusions: Excess SB relates higher levels of behavioral/emotional problems and anxiety. These results can inspire the development of interventions that promote well-being and enhance psychological health, by focusing on SB in Japanese children.

同団体は2007年に発足。使われなくなった空き家を「建築」「環境」「コミュニティ」「観光」「アート」の5つの視点から“再生”させている。

BACKGROUND: Time spent sitting is associated adversely with health outcomes in older adults. Nevertheless, it is not clear how sedentary time may be related to appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) - a key attribute of sarcopenia. This cross-sectional study examined associations of total sedentary time with ASM among community-dwelling older Japanese males and females. METHODS: Participants (n = 281, 74.3 ± 5.2 yr) wore a tri-axial accelerometer for seven days. Body mass index-adjusted ASM (kg/BMI) was derived from bioimpedance measures. Multivariate linear and quadratic regression models examined the associations of ASM with total sedentary time, stratified by sex. Restricted cubic spline models were fitted to estimate non-linear associations. Isotemporal substitution (IS) models were used to estimate the impacts of replacing 30-minute of sedentary time with light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). RESULTS: After adjustment, total sedentary time had a significant linear and negative association with ASM among females (β = -0.014; p = 0.023). For males, total sedentary time had a significant quadratic association (p = 0.020). Spline models indicated a reverse U-shaped association (p < 0.001) with total sedentary time over 9.3 h/day being associated with lower ASM. The IS models indicated that replacing 30 min/day of sedentary time with LPA would be positively and significantly associated with older females' ASM (β = 0.007, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: In older Japanese adults, higher volumes of time spent sedentary were associated with lower ASM. For males, only very high volumes of sedentary time appeared to be detrimental. These adverse relationships may in part be offset by more time spent in either LPA or MVPA.

A rapidly growing body of literature has explored associations between urban design attributes, which are conducive to walking, and social capital. The current study aimed to build on the limitations of previous research. Specifically, this study estimated the associations between traditional and novel walkable built environment metrics and social capital among a sample of adults in Japan. Data (n = 1010) from a randomly selected cross-section of residents (40–69 years old) from two areas in Japan were included. Social capital was assessed by questionnaires. Several objective and perceived walkable built environment attributes were calculated. Covariate-adjusted multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate associations between neighborhood built attributes and the three social capital scores. Street connectivity was negatively associated with activities with neighbors (b = -0.21, 95% CI -0.31, -0.11). Perceived population density was negatively associated with all three social capital scores, including social cohesion, activities with neighbors, and social participation (b = -0.21, 95% CI -0.30, -0.11, b = -0.15, 95% CI -0.24, -0.06, and b = -0.16, 95% CI -0.29, -0.02, respectively). Traditional walkability and Walk Score® were negatively associated with activities with neighbors (b = -0.04, 95% CI -0.07, -0.00 and b = -0.09, 95% CI -0.15, -0.04, respectively). No significant associations were observed between perceived walkability and social capital scores. Space syntax walkability was negatively associated with social cohesion and activities with neighbors (b = -0.12, 95% CI -0.23, -0.01 and b = -0.11, 95% CI -0.21, -0.01, respectively). This study provided unique findings demonstrating that walkable built environments may not necessarily support social capital in ultrahigh-density Asian cities.

Background: Inconsistent associations of neighbourhood walkability with adults' body weight have been reported. Most studies examining the relationships of walkability and adiposity are cross-sectional in design. We examined the longitudinal relationships of two walkability indices - conventional walkability and space syntax walkability, and their individual components, with weight change among adults over four years. Methods: Data were from the Physical Activity in Localities and Community study in Adelaide, Australia. In 2003-2004, 2650 adults living in 154 Census Collection Districts (CCDs) returned baseline questionnaires in 2007-2008, the follow-up survey was completed by 1098. Participants reported their weight at baseline and at follow-up. Neighbourhood walkability indices were calculated using geographic information systems and space syntax software. Linear marginal models using generalized estimating equations with robust standard errors were fitted to examine associations of the two walkability indices and their individual components with the weight at follow-up, adjusting for baseline weight, socio-demographic variables, and spatial clustering at the level of CCD. Results: The overall mean weight gain over four years was 1.5 kg. The two walkability indices were closely correlated (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). No significant associations were found between the overall neighbourhood walkability indices and weight change. Among walkability components, there was a marginally significant negative association between space syntax measure of street integration and weight change: one standard deviation increment in street integration was associated with 0.31 kg less weight gain (p = 0.09). Conclusions: Using a prospective study design and a novel space-syntax based measure of walkability, we were not able to identify relationships between neighbourhood walkability with weight gain. This is consistent with other inconclusive findings on the built environment and obesity. Research on the built environment and adults' weight gain may need to consider not just local environments but also a larger scale environment within a city or workplace environment in order to capture multiple behaviours relevant to weight gain.

High-precision Mg isotope measurements by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were applied for determinations of magnesium isotopic fractionation of biogenic calcium carbonates from seawater with a rapid Mg purification technique. The mean delta Mg-26 values of scleractinian corals, giant clam, benthic foraminifera, and calcite deep-sea corals were -0.87aEuro degrees, -2.57aEuro degrees, -2.34aEuro degrees, and -2.43aEuro degrees, suggesting preferential precipitation of light Mg isotopes to produce carbonate skeleton in biomineralization. Mg isotope fractionation in deep-sea coral, which has high Mg calcite skeleton, showed a clear temperature (T) dependence from 2.5 A degrees C to 19.5 A degrees C: 1,000 x ln(alpha) = -2.63 (+/- 0.076) + 0.0138 (+/- 0.0051) x T(R (2) = 0.82, p < 0.01). The delta Mg-26 values of large benthic foraminifera, which are also composed of a high-Mg calcite skeleton, can be plotted on the same regression line as that for deep-sea coral. Since the precipitation rates of deep-sea coral and benthic foraminifera are several orders of magnitude different, the results suggest that kinetic isotope fractionation may not be a major controlling factor for high-Mg calcite. The Mg isotope fractionation factors and the slope of temperature dependence from deep-sea corals and benthic foraminifera are similar to that for an inorganically precipitated calcite speleothem. Taking into account element partitioning and the calcification rate of biogenic CaCO3, the similarity among inorganic minerals, deep-sea corals, and benthic foraminiferas may indicate a strong mineralogical control on Mg isotope fractionation for high-Mg calcite. On the other hand, delta Mg-26 in hermatypic corals composed of aragonite has been comparable with previous data on biogenic aragonite of coral, sclerosponges, and scaphopad, regardless of species differences of samples.