日足P&Fの状況：（10月20日）～（10月24日）

認知的方略は、運動に関する文献において、興味深い方略とされてきた。われわれは、2つの主要な認知的方略である、連合的方略と分離的方略に注目した。連合的方略は、課題 (運動) への集中を指し、分離的方略は、課題から注意をそむけることを意味する (Stevinson & Biddle, 1998)。競技スポーツに関する多くの文献があるにも関わらず、非競技場面で認知的方略を用いた運動を行う際の心理学的状態については、ほとんど明らかにされていない。本研究は、非競技場面において、認知的方略を用いた一過性運動の心理学的状態にもたらす効果を検討した。16名の被験者が集められ、カウンタ・バランスされた2つの条件、連合的方略条件と分離的方略条件に参加した。両方の運動条件において、被験者は中等度の強度による10分間のサイクリング運動を行った。運動前、ウォームアップ時、運動終了直後、および運動終了5分後において、被験者は、Waseda Affect Scale of Exercise and Durable Activity (WASEDA; 荒井他、2003b) とFeeling Scale (FS; Rejeski, 1985) という2つの運動固有尺度の評価を行った。分散分析は、両方の条件が高揚感、落ち着き感、および快感情を増加させることを示した。そして、分離的方略を用いた運動は、連合的方略を用いた運動と比較して、10分間の運動終了直前における快感情を増加させることを明らかにした。

Background

Cross-sectional studies provide useful insight about the associations between the built environment and physical activity (PA), particularly when reasons for neighborhood choice are considered. Our study analyzed the relationship between levels of weekly transportation and leisure PA among three neighborhood designs, statistically adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for neighborhood choice.
Methods

A stratified random sample of adults (age ≥20 years) living in Calgary (Canada) neighborhoods with different neighborhood designs (grid, warped-grid, curvilinear) and socioeconomic status completed a self-administered questionnaire capturing PA, sociodemographic characteristics, and reasons for neighborhood choice (response rate = 10.1%; n = 1023). Generalized linear models estimated associations between neighborhood design and transportation and leisure PA outcomes (participation [any vs. none] and volume [metabolic equivalent: h/week]), adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status, sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity, education, household income, marital status, children, vehicle access, dog ownership, and injury), and reasons for neighborhood choice (e.g., proximity and quality of recreational and utilitarian destinations, proximity to work, highway access, aesthetics, and sense of community).
Results

Overall, 854 participants had resided in their neighborhood for at least 12 months and provided complete data. Compared with those living in curvilinear neighborhoods, grid neighborhood participants had greater odds (p 0.05) of participating in any transportation walking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.17), transportation and leisure cycling (OR = 2.39 and OR = 1.70), active transportation (OR = 2.16), and high-intensity leisure PA (≥6 METs; OR = 1.74), respectively. There were no neighborhood differences in the volume of any transportation or leisure PA undertaken. Adjustment for neighborhood selection had minimal impact on the statistical or practical importance of model estimates.
Conclusion

Neighborhood design is associated with PA patterns in adults, independent of reasons for neighborhood choice and sociodemographic factors.

今回も先に物件が決まりました。「お店やりたいって言ってなかったっけ？一軒空き物件が出たみたいだけど」って。 今のお店は自宅から自転車で10分の場所。これはやるしかないって飛びつきました。

Background: Men are generally believed to be more physically active than women when evaluated using current physical activity (PA) guidelines, which count only moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in bouts lasting at least 10 min. However, it remains unclear men are truly more physically active provided that all-intensity PA are evaluated. This population based cross-sectional study aimed to examine gender differences in patterns of objectively-assessed PA in older adults.Methods: One thousand two hundred ten community-dwelling Japanese older adults who were originally randomly selected from residential registry of three municipalities were asked to respond a questionnaire and wear an accelerometer (HJA-350IT, Omron Healthcare). The prevalence of achieving current PA guidelines, = 150 min/ week MVPA in bouts lasting at least 10 min, was calculated. Gender differences in volume of each-intensity activity (METs-hour) were assessed by analysis of covariance after adjustment for age and wear time.Results: Data from 450 (255 men, mean 74 years) participants who had valid accelerometer data were analyzed. Women were less likely to meet the guidelines (men: 31.0, women: 21.5%; p 0.05). However, women accumulated more light-intensity PA (LPA) and short-bout (1-9 min) MVPA, and thus established higher total volume of PA (men: 22.0 METs-hour/day, women: 23.9 METs-hour/day) (p 0.05).Conclusions: Older women were less active when evaluated against current PA guidelines, but more active by total PA. Considering accumulated evidence on health benefits of LPA and short-bout MVPA, our findings highlight the potential for the limitation of assessing PA using current PA guidelines.

The association between a dietary pattern characterised by high alcohol intake and dyslipidaemia has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between alcohol dietary patterns and the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and its components. This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,171 men and women aged ≥40 years who were alumni of a Japanese university. To identify dietary patterns, a principal component analysis was performed based on the energy-adjusted food intake estimated by a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Three dietary patterns were identified, the second of which was named the alcohol dietary pattern and was characterised by a high intake of alcoholic beverages, liver, chicken, and fish. This alcohol dietary pattern was associated with reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The fully adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of high LDL-C for the lowest through highest quartile of alcohol dietary pattern score were 1.00 (reference), 0.83 (0.64-1.08), 0.84 (0.64-1.10), and 0.68 (0.49- 0.94), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the alcohol dietary pattern was inversely associated with the prevalence of dyslipidaemia in women, whereas it was positively associated with high triglyceride levels in men. In conclusion, the alcohol dietary pattern, characterised by a high intake of alcoholic beverages, liver, chicken, and fish, was associated with the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and its components. This finding provides useful information for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia by modifying the diet.

Evidence suggests a positive effect of dog ownership on physical activity. However, most previous studies used self-reported physical activity measures. Additionally, it is unknown whether owning a dog is associated with adults' sedentary behaviour, an emerging health risk factor. In this study, physical activity and sedentary behaviour were objectively collected between 2013 and 2015 from 693 residents (aged 40-64 years) living in Japan using accelerometer devices. Multivariable linear regression models were used, adjusted for several covariates. The means of total sedentary time and the number of long (≥ 30 min) sedentary bouts were 26.29 min/day (95% CI - 47.85, - 4.72) and 0.41 times/day (95% CI - 0.72, - 0.10) lower for those who owned a dog compared to those not owning a dog, respectively. Compared with non-owners, dog-owners had significantly higher means of the number of sedentary breaks (95% CI 0.14, 1.22), and light-intensity physical activity (95% CI 1.31, 37.51). No significant differences in duration of long (≥ 30 min) sedentary bouts, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity were observed between dog-owners and non-owners. A novel finding of this study is that owning a dog was associated with several types of adults' sedentary behaviours but not medium-to-high-intensity physical activities. These findings provide new insights for dog-based behavioural health interventions on the benefits of dog ownership for reducing sedentary behaviour.

無料マンガ・ラノベなど、豊富なラインナップで100万冊以上配信中！

Background: There has been a growing interest in environmental initiatives to reduce sedentary behaviour. A few existing studies on this topic are mostly cross-sectional, focused on the general adult population, and examining neighbourhood walkability. This study examined associations of perceived environmental attributes with change in TV viewing time over seven years among older Australian adults in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study.Methods: The AusDiab study is a population-based study on diabetes and its risk factors in adults. We used the data on 1072 older adults (60+ years at baseline) collected in 2004-05 (baseline) and in 2011-12 (follow-up; 45.4% men, mean age 67.5 years). Generalized linear modelling examined associations with 7 years change in TV viewing time of nine perceived neighbourhood-environment attributes relating to local shops, alternative routes, footpaths, parks, attractiveness, natural features, bicycle/walkway tracks, local traffic, and safety.Results: On average, participants increased their TV viewing time from 127 min/day to 137 min/day over the 7 years period. Adjusted for baseline TV viewing levels, TV viewing time at follow-up was 8% lower (95%CI: 0.85, 0.99) among those who did not perceive local traffic as a deterrent compared to those who perceived traffic as a deterrent. A trend for significant interaction between working status and the presence of a parks nearby indicated that, for those who were not working, those who reported having parks nearby had a marginal association with lower TV viewing time at follow-up than those who did not (p = 0.048).Conclusions: Overall TV viewing time increased on average by 10 minutes/day over 7 years among older Australian adults. Local traffic that makes walking difficult or unpleasant may increase older adults' leisure-time sedentary behaviours such as TV viewing, possibly by deterring outdoor activities.

Abstract Background Although the negative relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or muscular fitness and diabetes mellitus were respectively observed in many previous studies, there is still a lack of studies that include CRF and muscular fitness simultaneously. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the combination of CRF and muscular fitness and diabetes through a cross-sectional study.  Methods This study was part of WASEDA'S Health Study, a cohort study launched in 2014. We used a part of the baseline data collected for this study. Maximal exercise test using a cycle ergometer and leg extension power (LEP) test were respectively used to evaluate CRF and muscular fitness. Since LEP is affected by body weight, relative LEP (rLEP) which is LEP per body weight, was used as an index of muscular fitness. 796 men (56.5 ± 10.4 years old) who completed a medical examination and fitness tests, were divided into two groups based on CRF and rLEP, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was collected based on a self-reported questionnaire or blood test. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the prevalence of diabetes were obtained using logistic regression models while adjusting for age, body mass index, exercise habits, family history of diabetes, smoking habits, and drinking habits. Results 55 (7%) participants had diabetes. Compared to participants with lower CRF or rLEP, the odds ratio (95% CIs) of diabetes in those with higher CRF or rLEP was 0.46 (0.21–0.98) or 0.34 (0.16–0.74), respectively. Furthermore, using the lower CRF and lower rLEP group as the reference, the odds ratio (95% CIs) for the lower CRF and higher rLEP group was 0.32 (0.12–0.88), and higher CRF and higher rLEP group was 0.21 (0.07–0.63), after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Conclusions CRF and rLEP have independent and joint inverse associations with diabetes prevalence. In addition, participants with high CRF and high rLEP had a lower prevalence of diabetes compared to those with only high CRF or only high rLEP.

これまでペットを飼うことが人間の健康にもたらす恩恵について盛んに研究が行われ、成果が蓄積されつつある。特に、犬の飼育や犬の散歩に関しては、子供の過体重・肥満者の割合の低さ、高齢者における歩行速度の維持、心疾患患者の良好な予後など、健康の維持・増進にとって好影響を及ぼすことが明らかにされている。そのため、最近は人間の健康や体力を維持・向上させるための効果的な戦略として、犬の飼育や犬の散歩に注目が集まっている。犬の飼い主の身体活動を促進させるための第一歩として、犬の散歩を含む飼い主の身体活動がどの程度行われているのかといった実態を把握することが重要であると考えられるが、先行研究では身体活動の評価が調査票等による主観的なものに依存しており、バイアスを多く含んでいる。本研究ではこれらの問題点を解消するため、わが国における犬の飼い主の身体活動状況について加速度計を用いて客観的に評価し、その実態を明らかにすることを目的とした。 犬の散歩の実態調査に参加した犬の飼育者48名（52.2±10.4歳）を分析対象とした。7日間の犬の散歩日誌およびスズケン社製ライフコーダによる犬の散歩行動の測定、質問紙による犬の飼育者の属性（性別、年齢、婚姻状況、教育歴、住居形態、同居の有無）および飼い犬の特性（サイズ、犬種、年齢、頭数）の調査を行った。日誌をもとに、犬の散歩時間に該当するライフコーダデータを抽出した。1日および週あたりの犬の散歩回数、散歩時間、中等度強度以上の散歩時間、散歩中の静止時間、散歩強度、週あたりの散歩時間における中等度強度以上の散歩時間および制止時間の割合、週あたり中強度以上の散歩時間が150分以上の飼育者（推奨身体活動充足者）の割合を算出し、犬の特性の影響について検討した。 毎日犬の散歩を実施している者が47.9%と最も多く、6日（18.8%）、4日（12.5%）の順であった。91.9%が1日1回または2回散歩を実施していた。また、平均で1日1.6±0.5回で計63.4±35.0分、週5.7±1.7日で計363.6±230.9分の散歩を実施していた。週あたりの散歩時間のうち、43.2%は中等度強度以上で散歩を実施していたが、10.3%は立ち止っている時間であった。犬の散歩の平均強度は3.2±0.8であり、41.7%が推奨身体活動充足者であった。中・大型犬は小型犬と比較して有意に1日の散歩回数が多く、中等度強度以上での散歩時間が長かった。また、愛玩犬（1.39±0.4回）は他の犬種（1.69±0.4回）と比較して、1日の散歩回数が有意に少なかった（p=.019）。 犬の飼育者はおおよそ毎日1時間、そのうち45%程度を疾病予防や健康増進に有益である強度で犬と散歩していた。また、犬のサイズは中等度強度での散歩回数や散歩時間に影響を及ぼすことが明らかになった。これらの知見を犬の飼い主の身体活動を促進させる効果的な支援方法の開発につなげていく必要がある。

Our study examined the associations between neighborhood walkability, frailty, and the incidence of long-term care insurance (LTCI) service needs using a prospective cohort survey in a suburban town in Japan. The final sample for analyses comprised 2867 community-dwelling older adults (mean age: 73.0 years). Neighborhood walkability was measured using the Walk Score(R). A total of 387 participants (13.5%) exhibited frailty. The odds of frailty, adjusted for the covariates (sex, age, educational status, marital status, residential status, employment status, subjective economic status) among participants who lived in somewhat walkable/very walkable areas, was 0.750 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 0.597-0.943) versus those who lived in car-dependent areas. During the 23-month follow-up, 102 participants needed LTCI services (19.0 per 1000 person-years), 41 of whom (21.0 per 1000 person-years) lived in car-dependent areas, and 61 of whom (17.9 per 1000 person-years) lived in somewhat walkable/very walkable areas. As compared with participants who lived in car-dependent areas, the incidence of LTCI service needs was not significantly lower than that of those who lived in somewhat walkable/very walkable areas. Walk Score(R) can provide the critical information for the strategies to improve walkability and prevent older adults' frailty in less walkable areas, contributing to achieving the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Evidence about the impacts of the physical activity environment on adults' weight in the context of Asian countries is scarce. Likewise, no study exists in Asia examining whether Walk Score a free online walkability tool is related to obesity. This study aimed to examine associations between multiple physical activity environment measures and Walk Score ratings with Japanese adults' body mass index (BMI). Data from 1073 adults in the Healthy Built Environment in Japan study were used. In 2011, participants reported their height and weight. Environmental attributes, including population density, intersection density, density of physical activity facilities, access to public transportation, and availability of sidewalks, were calculated using Geographic Information Systems. Walk Scores ratings were obtained from the website. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between each environmental attribute and BMI. Adjusting for covariates, all physical activity environmental attributes were negatively associated with BMI. Similarly, an increase of one standard deviation of Walk Score was associated with a 0.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) of-0.49--0.09) decrease in BMI. An activity-friendly built environment was associated with lower adults' BMI in Japan. Investing in healthy community design may positively impact weight status in non-Western contexts.

本研究課題は、中高年の長期縦断コホートを用いて、心理的Well-beingを高く保つ脳状態、心理要因、習慣は何かを明らかにすることを目的にしている。新型コロナウイルスの蔓延により長く休止していた測定を再開し、既に100名以上の脳MRI画像および心理データを取得することができた。心理尺度の予備的な解析を行ったところ、心理的Well-beingには内受容感覚への気づきよりも、マインドフルネス傾向自体が、直接的に正の影響を与えることが示された。内受容感覚への気づきはマインドフルネスの訓練で重要視されるが、それよりもあらゆる体験への気づきや受容という要素の方が、前向きに良い人生を生きるには重要である可能性が示唆された。脳画像に関しては、BrainAGE算出のための準備に加えて、脳皮質の全体の体積を集約したBHQ(Brain Health Quotient)の算出を行っている。BHQは健康的な習慣によく反応する指標であるとともに、認知症などの転帰を予測する指標として有望であり、瞑想やマインドフルネスに影響されるかを今後検討する。

Background: The association of breaks in sedentary time with outcomes of physical function can vary according to the time of day. We examined the association of the diurnal pattern of breaks in sedentary time with physical function outcomes in older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 115 older adults (≥60 years). The overall and time-specific breaks (morning: 06:00-12:00; afternoon: 12:00-18:00; evening: 18:00-24:00) in sedentary time were assessed using a triaxial accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X+). A break in sedentary time was defined as at least 1 min where the accelerometer registered ≥ 100 counts/min following a sedentary period. Five physical function outcomes were assessed: handgrip strength (dynamometer), balance ability (single leg stance), gait speed (11-meter walking), basic functional mobility (time up and go), and lower-limb strength (five times sit-to-stand). Generalized linear models were used to examine the associations of the overall and time-specific breaks in sedentary time with the physical function outcomes. Results: Participants showed an average of 69.4 breaks in sedentary time during the day. Less frequent breaks in the evening (19.3) were found than that in the morning (24.3) and the afternoon (25.3) (p<0.05). Breaks in sedentary time during the day were associated with less time on gait speed in older adults (exp (β)=0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86-0.98; p<0.01). Time-specific analysis showed that breaks in sedentary time were associated with less time on gait speed (exp (β)=0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.97; p<0.01), basic functional mobility (exp (β)=0.93, 95% CI 0.89-0.97; p<0.01), and lower-limb strength (exp (β)=0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.97; p<0.01) in the evening only. Conclusion: A break in sedentary time, particularly during the evening, was associated with better lower extremity strength in older adults. Further strategies to interrupt sedentary time with frequent breaks, with an emphasis on evening hours, can be helpful to maintain and improve physical function in older adults.

School-based extracurricular sports activity (SBECSA) is a beneficial activity for positive youth development. However, there are some problems regarding the management of SBECSA, such as the lack of SBECSA teachers who can coach expertly and the great burden for SBECSA teachers. Although the number of external coaches has not been sufficient, recruiting external coaches into SBECSA has been focused on to help resolve these issues. For further effective recruitment of external coaches, approaching the community residents who have motivation to be external coaches is important. Nevertheless, the sociodemographics associated with the motivation still have not been explored. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to clarify the sociodemographics of community residents who have motivation to become involved in SBECSA as external coaches (potential external coaches) . An Internet-based cross-sectional survey was conducted by a social survey company with 19506 registrants aged 20-69 years. Stratified random sampling was continued till 100 potential external coaches were collected for both genders and every age group. Coaching motivation as an external coach and six sociodemographics (gender, age, occupational status, marital status, teaching credential, and coaching credential) were obtained. As a statistical analysis, logistic regression analysis was performed. Overall, 19239 participants were included in the analysis and 5.9% of them had coaching motivation. Potential external coaches were significantly less likely to be females (OR = 0.42) , people in their 30s (OR = 0.63) , 40s (OR = 0.40) , 50s (OR = 0.30) , 60s (OR = 0.24) than males and people in their 20s. In addition, workers (OR = 1.49) , students (OR = 1.52) , married people (OR = 1.32) , those who have teaching credentials (OR = 1.60) and coaching credentials (OR = 8.13) were more likely to be external coaches. In conclusion, the present study clarified the sociodemographics of potential external coaches. It is suggested in recruiting external coaches into SBECSA, providing promotion strategies which take these sociodemographic factors into account would be effective.